Civil Engineering Structures in Water Hazardous Areas

Difficult ground water conditions have to be overcome when implementing civil engineering projects involving large foundation depths such as in underground car parks and in underground railways. Allowance must be made in the planning phase for a greater amount of seepage water and groundwater. There are two possibilities for solving the problem:
► either suitable conduits must be provided for the water which is then drained away or deflected at reduced pressure
► or the full hydrostatic pressure must be countered by appropriate constructional means.

Methods should be preferred here which have only a slight effect on the original groundwater situation, do not endanger the structural stability of the local buildings, and avoid ecological problems resulting, for example, from the lowering of the groundwater level over a large area.